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Archives and Special Collections Overview

A brief guide to learn more about Archives and Special Collections.

Primary vs. Secondary Sources

A primary source provides direct, firsthand knowledge or evidence about a person, event, or object. The following list includes primary sources commonly found within an archive.

  • Autobiographies or memoirs
  • Diaries
  • Correspondence (letters, email, list servs)
  • Interviews
  • Photographs
  • Drawings
  • Posters or broadsides
  • Public opinion polls or surveys
  • Speeches
  • Oral histories
  • Birth certificates
  • Deeds
  • Organizational records (active or inactive)
  • Audio or video recordings
  • Government documents 
  • Patents
  • Maps 
  • Blueprints

Newspaper articles, advertisements, booklets, or magazines created during the time of an event can be considered a primary source. The creator or reporter would be considered an eyewitness, rather than compiling the story from a witness after the event.

A secondary source is not based on direct, firsthand knowledge or evidence about a person, event, or object. Secondary sources rely on other sources of information and interprets, evaluates, and summarizes primary sources. Secondary sources are written after or in hindsight of the original event. The following list includes secondary sources commonly found within an archive.

  • Bibliographies
  • Biographical works
  • Dictionaries
  • Encyclopedias
  • Atlases
  • Literature reviews
  • Criticism or interpretive works
  • Textbooks
  • Indexes
  • Abstracts

Articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals are often created after the time of the event and are considered secondary sources.